French and English Bilingual Books

Personal Narrative Essay - Original Writing - 949 Words

Personal Narrative I am at room in a very spacious hotel with beautiful ambience and a relaxed atmosphere, far away from the hustles and bustles of this world. And as i could visualize an endless wilderness and say; â€Å"it’s in middle of nowhere†, so is this locational description of this hotel. What I now know though, is that it’s at the periphery of our Narok County, deep at the Maasai Mara, Kenya. The hotel usually visited by the high and mighty of this world: Hollywood movie producers, renowned basket ballers and was actually visited by Barack Obama, when he was the United States Senator, Illinois. I am not here because I fall within the under mentioned categories but because I am looking for business for our women’s organization whose specialty is Maasai beadwork activities. The manager in charge of the hotel is a long-time family friend and a local Maasai man who happens to have an interest with the work we do. He called us a few days ago saying that close to 50 tourist, two of whom are renowned Jewelry artists will be visiting and they wanted to buy very neat Maasai jewelry in large quantity. Being a very supportive friend, he thought our group could be ideal for the offer and wanted me to meet the artists. Well, who cannot get excited by such news? It’s why I am here two hours earlier before my appointment. My meeting this day will enable a presentation of our work and further discussions on the type of designs the artist are interested in. In such great hotel, youShow MoreRelatedPersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing951 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Narrative The most influential event in my life was moving from Herriman to Draper. The move was accompanied with much sadness and frustration, but I have come to realize that the positive effects far outweigh the negative ones. The biggest result of the move ended up being the ward family we moved into. Other things I was able to do after the move were making friends and discovering many things that I could be passionate about. I am LDS and I have been my entire life. Where we lived outRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differently thanRead MorePersonal Narrative Essay - Original Writing1716 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Narrative We all like to pretend that we have control over our lives. Being in control makes us feel powerful, like we are ready for anything. With everything that goes on in the world we never can truly be in full control of our lives, but the moments that we felt we were in control are looked back as good times in our lives. Of course, it’s the moments where we lose control that stick with us the most. The day I found out I would lose my dad for a year started a little differentlyRead MoreHow I Am A Writer Essay1112 Words   |  5 PagesReflective As a writer, I would consider myself to be a very strong writer. When it comes to writing or having different writing assignments, I have to write everything down on a piece of paper to get my thoughts out and just let my pen flow. I tend to write essays only when I am assigned, but for the most part, I write everyday. I personally like to write about me in particular but mainly I enjoy writing about overcoming different obstacles people face in life or about the future. As a writer, youRead MoreNarrative Writing : High School917 Words   |  4 Pagesrequired a freshman writing class, I was irritated and dreaded the experience so much that I delayed taking the course to second semester. Very confident in my writing ability as my high school featured a grueling English department and having received high grades on my history and sociology essays in first semester classes, I presumed that I wouldn’t learn anything in FWS. Though I struggled with the drafting process, as my preferred method of essay writing involved writing the entire piece to perfectionRead MoreMy First Time Making A Career Goal1516 Words   |  7 Pagesmethods of writing and writing in different purposes. I also learned different things just by having online discussions and most importantly, I learned how to improve my writing skills and how this course changed my perception of English and apply it in the future. I have gained so much knowledge about writing in this class and it made a great impact on my skills. These lessons I have learned in this class has been very beneficial and I will carry these lessons in the future. The first essay we did inRead MoreCree Poetic Discourse By Neal Mcleod1640 Words   |  7 PagesThe Power of Evolution In the essay â€Å"Cree Poetic Discourse†, the author Neal McLeod addresses an intellectual problem that the western academic writing approach harms the indigenous Cree narratives. According to McLeod, the Cree narrative process, which involves poetic thinking, embraces new possibilities and keeps changing (9). This evolution process not only depends on various occasions of speaking but also depends on different storytellers and audiences who absorb stories, thus allowing Cree poeticRead MoreNananna1497 Words   |  6 PagesRiding The Pine: Tim Bowling’s personal reflection of professional hockey in â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey Hey Goodbye† In â€Å"Na Na Na Na, Hey Hey Hey Goodbye,† Tim Bowling, an author, poet, and a fishing boat deckhand (Stewart et al 237), articulates how professional hockey has evolved over his lifetime. He laments how a game he was enamoured with no longer captures his complete attention and is not as relevant in his life as it once was. However, Bowling admits he still has a sheepish curiosity for the latestRead MoreVisual Exploration Of Video Games1260 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped my existing skills and brought me out of my comfort zone of traditional essay writing. The review process was another major way that I was able to develop as a multimodal communicator. While I still have room to improve in the creativity and visual components of my work, this course has given me much needed exposure to these aspects of communication while also further developing my strengths in analytic writing and reading. The review process was a critical part of my development as a multimodalRead More`` 13, 1977, 21 By Jonathan Lethem1359 Words   |  6 Pages The essay I am analyzing is entitled simply as â€Å"13, 1977, 21† by Jonathan Lethem. It’s personal narrative that is a retelling of the author’s childhood and it starts with Lethem confessing that he saw the original Star Wars movie twenty-one times in one summer when he was thirteen years old. Despite what some readers may think, this essay is not about any kind of obsession he may have with Star Wars. He tells more about the aspects of his childhood that related to the detail of his almost religious

Wii Case Free Essays

Problem Statement: Sales of the Nintendo Wii have been much higher than initially forecast. As the 2007 holiday season approaches, Nintendo does not have enough capacity to meet demand. The shortage will negatively impact profit and potentially cause lost market share. We will write a custom essay sample on Wii Case or any similar topic only for you Order Now The immediate issue is adjusting the marketing strategy to handle the product shortage and minimize the negative market effect. Situation Analysis: BACKGROUND: Nintendo was initially founded in 1889 as a card company. The Company moved into the electronic entertainment industry in late 1970. Nintendo went on to release its own home console in the 1980’s which was an instant success, subsequently dominating the video games market in home video games consoles and handheld consoles. In recent years, Nintendo has met fierce competition from Sony and Microsoft. This competition resulted in Nintendo’s market share dropping from 80% in 1992 to a low of 16% in 2003. Nintendo realized that markets, competition, and product life cycles were changing at a fast pace, and most of the profits were going to the innovators. In order to win back market share, Nintendo has developed an innovative new game console named the Wii. OBJECTIVE: The current objective for Nintendo is to effectively develop a marketing strategy to manage product sales through the 2007 holiday season. The long term objective for Nintendo is to maintain its market leader status, communicate customer’s needs in an effective way and fulfill customer’s expectations. S. W. O. T. ANALYSIS: Strengths: Offer differentiated products from its competitors; †¢In 2006, Nintendo won more awards than other company, including â€Å"Best of Show† award, and â€Å"Best Hardware† award; †¢More competitively priced ($249) than its competitors while still earning a profit ($50) as the Wii console is inexpensive to produce; †¢Brand name recognition (short, simple, easy to read and remember, internationally understood, and suggestive of product benefits—â€Å"ii† images gathering people to play); à ¢â‚¬ ¢Strong support from game evelopers to shift more resources to the development of Wii title; †¢Constant media coverage from newspaper headlines drew attention to the Wii console; Weaknesses: †¢Nintendo lost significant market share after it reached its peak of success; †¢Inability to keep up supplies with international market demand; †¢Does not provide extreme high definition and DVD/Blue-ray capability; †¢Negative media-individuals had injuries due to the controllers slipping out of users hands; Opportunities: A recent movement in society towards healthier lifestyles. Wii meets the demand by incorporating physical movements when playing the game; †¢There are only two competitors which directly compete against each other with graphics, leaving room for Nintendo uses a different selling feature; †¢Potential market for video game consoles for non-traditional age groups (casual gamers and non-gamers) over age of 35; Threats: Consumers might turn to competitor’s product to satisfy their wants due to the Wii shortage problem; †¢Sony and Microsoft may offer more attractive deals to fight back for market shares; †¢Substitution is a significant threat and can occur within the existing competitors. Conclusion Nintendo offers an innovative product that offers good value to consumers. The threats from competitive brands are high. However, Nintendo is offering a unique product which is in high consumer demand. How to cite Wii Case, Papers

Race Puddnhead Wilson Essay Example For Students

Race Puddnhead Wilson Essay Puddnhead WilsonThe book, Puddnhead Wilson, seems like a modern day soap opera. It has onemain theme with other stories and subplots that revolve around it. With allthese stories, Mark Twain must of had many influences to help him write thiswonderful book. Before we begin to discuss that, let me give you a littlebackground on his book. Contrary to the title Puddnhead Wilson, the maincharacter, to me, seems to be Roxanas son Valet de Chambers/Tom Driscoll. Whythe reason for the two names? Well, let me explain. Roxy is 1/16 part black, butthat still makes here black and a slave. She belonged to Percy Driscoll, who hadson named Tom. Tom was born around the same time that Roxys son, Chambers,was. Both boys looked remarkably alike, since Chambers is only 1/32 part black,he too looked like white boy. So, in order to save her baby boy from gettingsent down the river, she switches the two babies. It seems almost like thetwinned, but unrelated story of the Prince and the Pauper (http://etext. lib.virginia.edu/railton/wilson/mttwins.html). Most of the story revolves around Roxys son, Tom/Chambers, but there are someother subplots mixed in with their tale. Another plot that you would read, wouldbe about the extraordinary twins. These Italian twins, Luigi and Angelo Capello,come to Dawsons Landing to rent a room from old Widow Cooper. The whole townquickly becomes infatuated with their stories of royalty and far away places. While reading, one cant help to wonder if these twins are lying about theirlavish lives to the naive towns people. The actual story of Puddnhead Wilsonhimself is and interesting one. His real name before the dubbed him PuddnheadWilson is David Wilson. Hes a young lawyer, who just moved into the smalltown. On his first day there, he made a comment to a couple of the locals thathe would regret for many, many years to come. This is the same time when hedbecome known as Puddnhead Wilson. Later in the story it shows how he finallyover comes that nickname after many years of living with it by using his unusualfinger print collection hes been keeping. In the book you will also readabout a murder, a trial, and a prophecy. One may wonder where Mark Twainsinfluences came from. Well, it all starts in his home town of Hannibal,Mississippi (http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton/wilson/pwhompg.html). In manyof his books he models the town off of where he grew up and this is also truefor the villag e of Dawsons Landing in Puddnhead Wilson. Even though hemoved the village a couple hundred miles down the Mississippi, you still seeinfluences from his childhood. Before Twain ever thought of writing PuddnheadWilson, he first wrote Those Extraordinary Twins. After he finished writingThose Extraordinary Twins, he wrote a letter to Fred Hall, in which he said,I begin, today, to entirely re-cast and re-write the first two-thirds newplan, with two minor characters, made very prominent, one major charactercropped out, and the Twins subordinated to a minor but not insignificant place. The minor character will now become the chiefest, and I will name the storyafter him Puddnhead Wilson (http://marktwain.miningco.com/library/letters.bl_letter921212).At first, Puddnhead Wilson, was going to be a farce about Siamese twins (mttwins). Instead, it turned out to be a story of irony of two almost identical babiesswitched at birth. One was white and the other was only 1/32 part black. Thatsmall fraction made Chambers a slave and doomed to a life of poverty, abuse, andfear of being sent down the river, even though he look exactly like a whiteperson. Mark Twain originally had the book published under the name The Tragedyof Puddnhead Wilson and The Comedy of Those Extraordinary Twins (pwhompg). Itwas first published in America on November 28, 1894 (pwhompg).Now, you can seethe book as just Puddnhead Wilson. Its funny how Mr. Twain calls it thetragedy of Puddnhead Wilson, when in the end he redeems himself and is seenas popular and prestigious. Wouldnt you consider that more of a success andnot a tragedy?

The Tempest Analysis Discusses Morality and Fairness

'The Tempest' Analysis Discusses Morality and Fairness This analysis reveals that Shakespeare’s presentation of morality and fairness in the play is highly ambiguous and it is not clear where the audience’s sympathies should lay. The Tempest Analysis: Prospero Although Prospero has been treated badly at the hands of the Milan nobility, Shakespeare has made him a difficult character to sympathize with. For example: Prospero’s title in Milan was usurped, yet he did much the same thing to Caliban and Ariel by enslaving them and taking control of their island.Alonso and Antonio cruelly cast Prospero and Miranda out to sea, yet Prospero’s revenge is equally as cruel: he creates a horrific storm which destroys the boat and throws his noble counterparts into the sea. Prospero and Caliban In the story of The Tempest, Prospero’s enslavement and punishment of Caliban is difficult to reconcile with fairness and the extent of Prospero’s control is morally questionable. Caliban had once loved Prospero and showed him everything there was to know about the island, but Prospero’s considers his education of Caliban as more valuable. However, our sympathies firmly lay with Prospero when we learn that Caliban had tried to violate Miranda. Even when he forgives Caliban at the end of the play, he promises to â€Å"take responsibility† for him and continue to be his master. Prospero’s Forgiveness Prospero uses his magic as a form of power and control and gets his own way in every situation. Even though he does ultimately forgive his brother and the king, this could be considered to be a way to reinstate his Dukedom and ensure the marriage of his daughter to Ferdinand, soon to become King. Prospero has secured his safe passage back to Milan, the reinstatement of his title and a powerful connection to royalty through the marriage of his daughter – and managed to present it as an act of forgiveness! Although superficially encouraging us to sympathize with Prospero, Shakespeare questions the idea of fairness in The Tempest. The morality behind Prospero’s actions is highly subjective, despite the happy ending which is conventionally employed to â€Å"right the wrongs† of the play.

The Murder of Roseann Quinn

The Murder of Roseann Quinn Roseann Quinn was a 28-year-old school teacher who was brutally murdered in her apartment by a man she had met at a neighborhood bar. Her murder prompted the movie hit, Looking for Mr.Goodbar. Early Years Roseann Quinn was born in 1944. Her parents, both Irish-American, moved the family from Bronx, New York, to Mine Hill Township, New Jersey when Quinn was 11. At age 13 she was diagnosed with polio and spent a year hospitalized. Afterwards she was left with a slight limp, but was able to return to her normal life. Quinns parents were both devout Catholics and raised their children as such. In 1962, Quinn graduated from the Morris Catholic High School in Denville, New Jersey. By all appearances she seemed to get along well with her classmates. A notation in her yearbook described her as, Easy to meet...nice to know. In 1966 Quinn graduated from the Newark State Teachers College and she began teaching at St. Josephs School for the Deaf in the Bronx. She was a dedicated teacher who was well liked by her students. The 1970s In the early 1970s the womans movement and the sexual revolution was beginning to take hold. Quinn adopted some of more liberal points of view of the times, and unlike some of her peers, she surrounded herself with a circle of racially diverse friends from various backgrounds and professions. She was an attractive woman, with an easy smile and an opened attitude. In 1972, she moved by herself into New York City, renting a small studio apartment on the West Side. Living alone seemed to nourish her desire for independence and she would often go to bars alone after work. There she would sometimes read a book while sipping wine. Other times she would meet men and invite them back to her apartment for the night. This promiscuous side of her seemed in direct conflict with her serious, more professional day time persona, especially because often times the men she met seemed on the rough side and lacking in education. Neighbors would later say that fairly regularly Quinn could be heard fighting with men in her apartment. On at least one occasion the fighting turned physical and left Quinn hurt and bruised. New Years Day, 1973 On Jan. 1, 1973, Quinn, as she had on many occasions, went across the street from where she lived to a neighborhood bar called W. M. Tweeds. While there she met two men, one a stock broker named Danny Murray and his friend John Wayne Wilson. Murray and Wilson were gay lovers who had lived together for almost a year. Murray left the bar around 11 p.m. and Quinn and Wilson continued to drink and talk late into the night. Around 2 a.m. they left Tweeds and went to Quinns apartment. The Discovery Three days later Quinn was found dead inside the apartment. She had been beaten over the head with a metal bust of herself, raped, stabbed at least 14 times and had a candle inserted into her vagina. Her apartment was ransacked and the walls were splattered with blood. The news of the grisly murder spread through New York City quickly and soon details of Quinns life, often written as her double life became front page news. In the meantime detectives, who had few clues to go on, released a sketch of Danny Murray to the newspapers. After seeing the sketch Murray contacted a lawyer and met with the police. He told them what he knew including that Wilson had returned to their apartment and confessed to the murder. Murray supplied Wilson with money so he could go to his brothers house in Indiana. John Wayne Wilson On January 11, 1973, police arrested Wilson for the murder of Roseann Quinn. Afterwards details of Wilsons sketchy past were revealed. John Wayne Wilson was 23 at the time of his arrest. Originally from Indiana, the divorced father of two girls, relocated to Florida before going to New York City. He had a lengthy arrest record having served jail time in Daytona Beach, Florida for disorderly conduct and again in Kansas City, Missouri on larceny charges. In July 1972, he escaped from a Miami jail and made it to New York where he worked as a street hustler until he met and moved in with Murray. Although Wilson had been arrested numerous times, there was nothing in his past that indicated that he was a violent and dangerous man. Wilson later made a full statement about the case. He told police that he was drunk the night he killed Quinn and that after going to her apartment they smoked some pot. He became enraged and killed her after she made fun of him for not being able to perform sexually. Four months after his arrest Wilson committed suicide by hanging himself in his cell with bed sheets. Criticism of Police and News Media During the Quinn murder investigation, police were often quoted in a way that made it appear the Quinns lifestyle was more to blame for her murder than the murderer himself. A protective voice from the womans movement seemed to curl around Quinn who could not defend herself, speaking up for her right to live the way she wanted, and to keep her as the victim, and not as a temptress whose actions caused her to be stabbed and beaten to death. Although it had little effect at the time, complaints on how the media presented Quinns murder and other women murdered during that time, influenced some change in how respectable news agencies wrote about female murder victims. Looking for Mr. Goodbar Many in New York City remained haunted by the murder of Roseann Quinn and in 1975, author Judith Rossner wrote the best-selling novel, Looking for Mr. Goodbar, which mirrored Quinns life and the way she was murdered. Described as a cautionary story to woman, the book became a best seller. In 1977 it was made into a movie starring Diane Keaton as the victim.

Athenian Speech on Adherence to the 30 Year Peace Treaty Essay - 8

Athenian Speech on Adherence to the 30 Year Peace Treaty - Essay Example In the Athenian empire had adequate fleets; these fleets acted as the main source of power. In the years 433 BCE Athenians assisted Corcyra by defending it against military attacks by Corinth. Athens did not break rules of the 30 Year Peace Treaty because; Corcyra was considered a neutral state and therefore Athens was legally and politically allowed to work with Corcyra on military defense issues (Rhodes 13). Also, Corcyra was an ally of Athens, and the treaty explained that no state is allowed to interfere with allies of other states. Therefore, Corinth was not permitted by the treaty to attack Corcyra which was an ally of Athens. In the year 433 BCE Athens affected a siege on Potidaea. This action did not break the 30 Year Peace Treaty because; Athens considered it a military defense action. The treaty empowered each leader to employ military force in conflict resolution in the alliance. Potidaea was a member of the Dalian League; the League was controlled by the Athenian leader. Athens also wanted to control Potidaea both politically and militarily. This is because the territory served as the main source of raw materials for their ship industry. Athens had many fleets used for military purposes; therefore wood for construction and maintenance were sourced from Potidaea. This source had to be protected and controlled (Martin 21). In the year 432 BCE Athens introduced a decree against Megara. These economic sanctions were levied just shortly before the Peloponnesian war. The economic actions did not break the 30 Year Peace Treaty because as leader of the Dalian League, the Athenian leader had the powers to use force in resolving conflicts. Megara created conflict through trespassing on Demeter’s land. An Athenian herald was also killed in Megara when he was sent to resolve the trespass conflict (Rhodes 5).  

Animal rights the Strength and Weakness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Animal rights the Strength and Weakness - Essay Example While some argue that humans should be distinguished from the rest of the other animals and that they are in a separate moral category, some are against this ideology. The ones that believe that animals have no moral status will support any treatment to the animals including practices that cause discomfort, pain, suffering and death. Some people treat the animals according to the way they feel is fit for them and their beliefs an action which elicited the need to develop a forum where animal rights could be guarded and this secure them from the jaws of the malicious owners. Contrary to them, many philosophers believe that though there are differences in all manners of ways between the animals and the humans, there lacks a philosophical defense for denying the animals a moral consideration. The two sides have debated on the justification of these moral rights for ages (Mack, 2012). The philosophers who came forward to develop this argument supported their argument by purporting that since animals have a distinct life just like the humans they also should be considered as living things with their rights no matter how developed they may be closer or further from the humans. The explanation of various philosophers in regard to the subject will be discussed in the following chapters. It is important to note that the explanation may not give a conclusive decision as what is offered is a mere explanation and leave the reader to decide independently. The Kantian approach towards animals, which is said to have marked progress from Descartes theory that stated that animals were mere automata, acknowledges animal pain. The theory however, still states that animals were not self-conscious and were there merely as a means to an end. Kant claimed that man’s duties towards the animals were but indirect duties towards humanity. This means that though man should strive to treat the animals well, it was not because he owed them any

What do we mean by Online marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What do we mean by Online marketing - Essay Example oted within the traditional format of advertising, it is also not uncommon to see the advertiser promote the website and encourage the potential consumer to visit as a means of gaining further information with regards to the product. However, each of these approaches are only part of online marketing or Internet advertising. Ultimately, Internet advertising and online marketing is concentric upon providing web banners, mobile advertising within applications, ad servers, or other promotional marketing messages their delivered through websites that are not otherwise associated with the particular good/product/service that is being offered (Lambrecht & Tucker, 2013). From the brief list that is been provided above, it can definitively be noted that online advertising is a very broad sector that allows for an organization/firm/entity to direct their message to a specific demographic in a way that traditional advertising did not allow. For instance, if a particular company is attempting to market specifically towards individuals within a younger demographic, they will most likely target their online advertising to appear on websites that are frequented by individuals within this younger demographic. By means of comparison, if an older demographic is targeted, websites relating to products or services that individuals within this older demographic readily consume will be placed. One of the unique aspects of online marketing has to do with the fact that the advertiser can generate unique statistics with regards to the overall impact of the particular marketing tactic. For instance, as compared to a print advertisement or a form of marketing that is predicated upon blindly targeting a wide spectrum of the population, these specific level of engagement that can be had with regards to online marketing also allows for the marketer to generate unique usage statistics, click percentages, and the amount of time that individuals is viewing a particular page (Schulze et al.,

Dance In The Curriculum Drama Essay

Dance In The Curriculum Drama Essay Dance as a discipline is marginalised in academic discourse as an ephemeral, performance-focused subject, its power articulated through the body. In UK schools it is a physical subject with an aesthetic gloss, languishing at the bottom of the academic hierarchy, conceptualised as art but located within physical education in the national curriculum (Downing et al, 2003; Brehoney, 2005). Placing additional emphasis on performance at A level also undermines the development of dance studies more widely within a subject hierarchy that places literacy, rather than embodiment, as a key factor of high-status knowledge. Beyond the confines of the dance curriculum, these changes illuminate Foucaults assertions that power and knowledge are interconnected and that power produces knowledge (1979, 1980b). He outlined three core processes for exerting disciplinary power: observation, examination and normalising judgement. Benthams Panopticon, a prison with cells constructed around a central tower, demonstrates how discipline and control can be transferred to the prisoners themselves. The inmates are always potentially visible to the guards and so must behave at all times as if they are being watched. They are their own guards, controlled by the gaze: Just a gaze. An inspecting gaze which each individual under its weight will end by interiorizing to the point that he is his own overseer, each individual thus exercising this surveillance over, and against, himself. A superb formula: power exercised continuously and for what turns out to be minimal cost (Foucault, 1980b, p. 155). Foucaults second disciplinar y technology, normalisation, is the way in which behaviour can be aligned with societys standards, to correct what is seen as deviant. The third, examination, is the combination of the other two and exemplifies power/knowledge as it both establishes the truth and controls behaviour. This article illustrates how these processes work in the context of dance in education. Taking into account Foucaults suggestion that the traditional way of describing power in negative terms as something that excludes or represses should stop, that it is the productive aspect of power that creates reality, the article explores how dance in education might be seen as both literate and a physical activity suitable for anyone, and thus to have more power in the twenty-first-century curriculum. Yet dance is more than just performance: to dismiss it as purely bodies in action is to ignore not only the language of its own structural conventions but also the language in which it might be recorded. Currently there is little indication in school that dance, like music, has its own complex systems of notation. The current discourse of dance in education has normalised it as an illiterate art form and the removal of the notation component at A level has entrenched that perception. Furthermore, the idea that dance studies is solely about beautiful bodies in motion, the exclusive pursuit of slender, flexible females, is an unhelpful blueprint at a time when there is a need to encourage more physical activity to combat rising levels of childhood obesity. So if students are not to self-exclude from dance whether on grounds of perceived body type, gender or lack of academic currency, then there needs to be a more inclusive, valued and thus more powerful form of the subject in the curriculum. Dance in the Curriculum: an overview Dance developed as a part of public education in the UK during the 1880s when Swedish educator Martina Bergman Osterberg brought Lings physical education ideas to London. Physical training was introduced in 1909 into what were then called elementary schools to improve fitness levels and encourage discipline and cooperation in young men. The dance aspect was perceived as an exclusively female pursuit (Brinson, 1991). Western dance tradition is still strongly associated with the female; as Ferdun points out, the term dance is usually associated with girls and feminine qualities by a significant portion of the dominant culture. Labelling dance as female prevents it from functioning fully as an educational medium. It limits participation by anyone, male or female, who does not want to be associated with stereotyped gender images and practices (Ferdun, 1994, p. 46). Whilst dance still remains a part of the PE curriculum, McFee (2004) argues for the distinctive nature of dance as an artistic activity, for its value in the curriculum within an education system that demands accountability. He adopts a personal enquiry view of education which stresses the importance of personal development. Drawing on the work of Lawrence Stenhouse (1975) and David Best (1991), he argues that dance is a suitable medium for such an educational endeavour. However, whilst for McFee dance should be treated as an artistic activity that has intrinsic value, the notion of dance being understood in such a way as to make it accountable is at the heart of his text. His emphasis on accountability resonates with arguments around high-status knowledge and with the need for robust assessment in public examinations. Dance can be assessed as a sub-section of physical education and is also available as a separate subject at GCSE (usually taken age 16 at the end of compulsory education) and at GCE A level (advanced-level subjects, taken two years later, which usually form the basis of university entrance). Articulating the Power of Dance: Ideology into Practice Dance requires the development of physical skills just as other sporting activities do, but differs in that technical skill is not the end in itself. That skill must be used to create meaning; its main concern is aesthetic experience. Unsurprisingly, as McFee (2004) points out, many PE teachers have little interest in teaching dance. Not only does it require an understanding of dance technique if it is to embrace masterworks that is, known works in current repertory but it also has an aesthetic aspect that makes it distinctive. Indeed, when combined with the particularly female orientation of dance, it seems somewhat ironic to place it within a department that is culturally perceived as masculine and essentially in opposition. But in spite of the implication that to put dance with PE is to fail to emphasise the subjects aesthetic qualities, the dance as art model has become the predominant way of studying it. And this is a central problem for dance in education: the aesthetic dimension inherent in dance as an art form and expected by the national curriculum, at GCSE and at A level, leads to this subject having no obvious department in which to sit. All dance examination syllabi in school reflect the dance as art model. As well as having traditional written aspects, GCSE and A level have a practical component, carrying 70% and 55% of the total marks respectively (AQA, 2009). When first examined in 1986, the A-level syllabus required candidates to show ability to choreograph; to perform; to be able to read and use notation; to show knowledge of the constituent form and features of dances and their historical and social contexts; and, finally, to be able to interpret and evaluate dances (University of London Schools Examination Board, 1986). Changes to the syllabus in 2008 resulted in dropping the notation requirement; they also streamlined the choreographic tasks and placed an added emphasis on health and safety in training and performance. The specification also removed the technical study and instead assesses technical competence through the solo choreography task. The power of the dance itself is examined through students ability to analyse the choreographic structure of masterworks in essay form and to use defined compositional structures in their own choreography. It is also assessed through their ability to perform. The proportion of marks allocated for the practical components at both GCSE and A level reflects the need not only to understand dance in theory but also to use that knowledge in practice. It also points to the centrality of the body as the instrument through which the power of dance is articulated and made accountable through assessment. But examination is, in Foucaults terms, under the power of the gaze. The gaze, whether on the dance itself or on the wider notion of dance studies in the academic hierarchy, influences what is seen, what is valued, what is deemed to have power. It influences the kind of inspection itself. If literacy is valued in the academy, then how might dance be written, read, considered and interiorised under its inspecting gaze? Dance is a language with its own systems expressed through choreography and performance. The word choreography itself derives from the Greek, choreia, meaning choral dance, and graphia, meaning writing. But if, as Cohan states, dance speaks in a very special language, both to the doer and the watcher. It speaks of things read between the lines, things that are impossible to put into words (Cohan, 1986, p.10), how can school students articulate those impossible qualities, have the power to express them in a way that is accountable, to use McFees (2004) term? Not just toread and write about dance, but to read and write dance itself? Foster states: Literacy in dance begins with seeing, hearing and feeling how the body moves (1986, p. 58). From the high culture of classical ballet to the nineties revival of Lindy Hop, from contemporary technique to street dance, the dance reader must recognise the qualities of those movements, consider their features, remember and identify patterns. The syllabus, whether at GCSE or A level, refers to constituent features and compositional devices that should be understood, and later read in the masterworks studied for the latter. These include movement components (action content, dynamics and spatial arrangement); dancers (numbers, gender, physique, role); physical and aural setting; and the development of dance ideas. Choreographic devices such as motif development, variation and transition are also required. The cultural perspective Reading dance is not only about its internal structure, it is also about its place within culture: it is complex. The reader must understand the choreographic codes and conventions that give the dance its significance (Foster, 1986, p. 59). This complexity is reflected in the way choreography is examined, for example, at A level. The written papers ask both for discussion of the component features of a dance, but also to demonstrate how the dance relates to its cultural context. In other words, the papers ask the candidate to be able to read the dance in terms of form and context for example, to understand not only how Christopher Bruce creates the power of Ghost Dances (1981) through technical means, but why such a powerful and searing indictment of political oppression, the disappeared of Pinochets Chile, was significant. The practical examination calls for the student to write dance, to compose both solo and group choreography. The compositional components described above are to be used in this writing. But as Adshead (1986) points out, dance composition, where the elements of dance are put together in a recognisable construction, is only the beginning of choreography. Understanding the crafting of the piece only takes us so far and while it might in principle be the aspect of choreography most understood, dances are imaginative constructions designed to do far more than string steps together in a neat and tidy way, or even in an untidy conglomeration of movements (Adshead, 1986, p. 20). The power of choreography is not just about using form correctly, it is about creating meaning and its effective communication to the audience. Dance in education, then, as examined at GCSE and A level, requires students to read dance through understanding its own language of compositional devices, making reference to the cultural context of the practitioners and masterworks studied. There is also the requirement to write dance using those same compositional structures, and the solo must reflect the characteristics of a specific practitioner. Having envisioned and created meaningful artistic relationships derived from knowledge about dance, the student must have the technical skill to realise them in practice. Those qualities have to be conveyed to the observer through the dancers instrument, the body. Young observed that it is power, not knowledge, that counts in education (Young, 2008, p. 94). And power can be constructed as the power of Foucaults gaze (Foucault, 1980b). Dance knowledge encapsulated in its internal concepts of literacy may not have status in the eyes of those who have the power to create the curriculum and endorse its values; it has little power as academic currency. Dance as articulated through the body is similarly problematic: Shilling (2004) develops Bourdieus conception of the body as physical capital which needs to be converted into other forms in order to have value. But according to Foucault, the body itself has a complex relationship with power. As former ballerina Jennifer Jackson notes, The focus on the body, as against the person who dances, links standards of perfection to the instrument of the dance rather than the dancer or the dancing itself (Jackson, 2005, p. 32). Dance in education does not immediately appear to share this professional obsession with technical perfection either in the national curriculum or at GCSE and A level. Syllabus documents make no reference to technical excellence; no statements are given to indicate standards by comparison to technical qualifications. The Assessment and Qualifications Alliance (AQA) mark scheme for the 2009-10 choreographic section of the GCSE level paper which asks candidates to show appropriate and sensitive use of dancers skills and attributes to communicate the dance idea (AQA, 2009, p. 4), and my discussions with practical examiners reiterate the notion that dancers are used to illustrate the choreography, that their performance is not assessed, for a choreographers skill is, in part, to use what abilities the dancers have. In this view, the body is pushed aside, as if dance can simply be reduced to representation, not embodiment. But this is disingenuous: the power of dance is inevitably mediated through the body and the body cannot be removed from that representation, leaving embodiment and representation in irresolvable tension. A professional choreographer can indeed tailor the dance to the strengths of the performers, but those dancers will already be in possession of the docile body created through years of technique classes. School-level student choreographers creating dances for examination have to work with dancers who might but equally might not have technical skill. And so the technical skills of the dancers available to the candidates will affect both their choice of steps and the aesthetics of the performance. As one dance teacher colleague observed, I am sure you could look at a dance performed by two different candidates and think that one was better because you are more impressed by the performance of one because she was a better dancer, or slimmer, or more elegant Even with the best intentions, it is very difficult to remove the effect caused by a poor performance and a body that does not conform to normalised expectations because the two are so inextricably linked. And so the self-correction of the docile body is not limited to technical excellence but is also affected by the expected body shape, even at school level. Foucault describes the ideal body of the soldier, the muscular physique and bearing that replaces the peasant. In dance, as in society, there is an ideal body myth, the normalised body constructed as the aesthetic standard, the object of the observers gaze. Following Foucault, Green (2002) describes the ideal body of the female dancer as seen by her student participants, the long legs, the flexible, skinny body with no curves, thin face, long hair. An ideal, constantly striven for, self-policed, light as a feather. Never eat sweets (Green, 2002, p. 135), emphasising the sentiments of students and teacher referred to above. The self in the mirror is not checked just for technical accuracy but for any excess fat. The skinny dancer, existing on caffeine and cigarettes, is part of the dancing myth, if struggled against in reality. But the importance of indeed obsession with maintaining the perfect dancing body can lead to a range of eating disorders (Thomas, 1995). Perhaps addressing this concern might be one of the benefits referred to in the restructured GCSE specification that is, an understanding of health and safety in dance. Additionally, seeking to question the objectification of the body can result in a deeper understanding of the nature of dance and of its role in society (Shapiro, 1998, p. 10). The male professional dancers body is more contested, especially within the essentially patriarchal structures of ballet. In the nineteenth century he was caught between two competing discourses: if he looked muscular, strong and vigorous, he appeared too contrasting to the sylphlike ballerina who took the central role. But if he looked too ethereal and aesthetic, anxiety was generated in the theatre-going public through perceived homosexual overtones, a link that still persists whatever the reality. Male dancers in the contemporary idiom are perceived as more masculine than their classical counterparts, in part emphasised through the differences in classical and contemporary technique and choreographic principles, yet doubts regarding sexual orientation still remain in popular thought (Burt, 2007). The film Billy Elliot, in which Billy struggles to be permitted to dance, illustrates this perfectly: boys should play football or learn boxing dancing is for girls. What is more, in theatrical dance, the body is on view and most frequently a female body and with it historically, a link with moral laxity. The female body has long been regarded as a source of discord and danger to the patriarchal order, through distraction from knowledge, seduction away from God, capitulation to sexual desire, violence or aggression, failure of will, even death (Bordo, 1993, p. 5). Churches preached against social dance on grounds of immorality in the close physical proximity of male and female bodies, whether it was the introduction of the waltz in Victorian England or the perceived depravity of the tango and Charleston in the 1920s (Brinson, 1991). The theatre itself was the domain of women of questionable morals. Foucault saw the body to be central in the operationalising of power. Since the female body is repressed in a patriarchal culture and cultural representations of it (Fraser Bartky, 1992) that is, it is seen as the other to be controlled by the male, the relationship between dance and gender is influential in articulating the power of dance. The female body can be seen in terms of competing discourses and social control. If the power of dance must be expressed through the body, and that body is female (or if male, then with potentially homosexual overtones), then the dance expresses not power but subservience within that patriarchal hierarchy. And in the school curriculum, the body is similarly positioned and manipulated, its realities hidden (Oliver Lalik, 2001). Bakhtin (1968) argued that these impure meanings around embodiment could be overturned. Taking the world of medieval and Renaissance carnival as depicted in Rabelais novels, he showed how the worldview was upturned, where usual power structures were inverted and the boundaries between what was considered pure or profane could be crossed. The body image itself moved to a celebration of the grotesque but at its extreme it never presents an individual body; the image consists of orifices and convexities that present another, newly conceived body. It is a point of transition in a life eternally renewed, the inexhaustible vessel of death and conception (Bakhtin, 1968/1984, p. 318). But carnival is transitory: participants can only be temporarily free of Foucaults disciplinary technologies. In professional dance, the power of the choreography is essentially expressed through performance, and outside a carnival world view the lithe, trained dancer is considered uniquely able to interpret the choreographers ideas with the docile body. Dance and the Curriculum 2: Notating Dance But if in school the choreography is merely to be illuminated by the performer, then perhaps an alternative way of dealing with the potential interference from the use of (inadequately) docile bodies would be to ask dance candidates to write down their intentions, to allow the power of their choreographic choices to be examined in isolation from the power of the performing body. The question then arises of how this might be achieved in a curriculum that does not acknowledge the existence of dance notation. There are two main systems of notating dance, Labanotation and Benesh. Labanotation, devised by the influential dance figure Rudolf Laban, was published in 1928 and is used to record movement across a range of dance styles. Without notation, there is little chance of being able to accurately reproduce the movements; one can only know about the dance and its role within that particular culture. In spite of its availability, notation was used very little, with a resultant lack of documented dance scores (Redfern, 2007) although the number of scores is now gradually increasing. In the United States, for example, the Dance Notation Bureau, located at the University of Ohio, uses Labanotation to create a record of dance works, so that dance scores can be accessed and used in the same way as music scores. Other institutions in Europe and elsewhere are similarly collating notated dance works. These works are then available for interpretation, as are other art forms. And, as Redfern (2007) points out, increasing the number of interpretations of an art work increases its stature; the power of the dance can be enhanced by inviting different readings of its texts. As well as creating records of dance, notation use can also have learning-outcome implications. Goodmans (1976) theory of notation suggests that the created score defines a body of knowledge. Warburton (2000) goes on to argue that trying to express that knowledge verbally can be counterproductive because of what he refers to as the ambiguity and redundancy of spoken language. He illustrates this by explaining how the verbal description to glide for a ballet step called a glissade sets up expectations of the kind of movement to be completed that gliding overlaps the meanings of travelling and leaping moreover, to tell the dancer to perform a travelling-leaping-action-that-skims-across-the-floor permits a variety of interpretations (Warburton, 2000, p. 195). The anecdote he tells goes on to explore the problems of description and how one particular ballet mistress resolved this by demanding repetition until he performed the step properly the power of the dance expressed through the body, not through words. But although a dance step is a bodily experience, rarely conceptualised in terms of its component parts, notation, he asserts, might provide the means for this conceptualisation in a way that language cannot. He concludes that if the goal of dance education is to help dancers increase their abilities to use dance concepts, to read, write, and dance dance, then notation-use is a good tool for doing so (Warburton, 2000, p. 210), since it enables movement, concept and notation to be linked, which improves learning. Dance notation has never been a requirement for access to dance courses, whether at degree level or for professional training. Few institutions offered the particular AQA specification in which it appeared, and so many potential students would have been unable to study it. It is available for study in professional training courses at specialist dance schools and also features in some dance degree courses as an option. But at school level, the situation is rather different. From its inception in 1986 until restructured and examined for the first time in its new format in 2009, notation was a part of A-level dance, both for conveying the technical study to the teachers and their students and also as a separate test. Originally, according to one examiner, it was included at A level, for mainly cultural reasons. Dance has been regarded as an illiterate art for too long. There are few scripts or records of materials, so dance is seen as a time-based art, disadvantaged in comparison with drama or music. We wanted to help bring it into line with the other arts (Ridley, 1992, p. 37). Literacy, as used here, can be defined by the ability to read and write dance scores using either Benesh or Labanotation. At that time, the latter was the dominant choice of candidates; later examiners reports note the ability of students in both forms (AQA, 2008). The first and rather indirect test of notation skills at A level was through sending the compulsory technical dance study to centres in notated form. However, unless the students were extremely confident with notation, above the standard required for the exam itself, they were unable to read the complex scores themselves and thus were reliant on their teachers for their choice. This had important repercussions. Perhaps the first classical study might be slow, a piece of adage requiring balance, control and strength, whilst the second might emphasise speed, elevation and intricacy, a piece of allegro. Dancers tend to be more comfortable, and thus more competent, in one rather than the other. If the teacher decided to teach both studies then candidates would be able to choose their preferred option; if not, then some students would have to learn, perform and be assessed on a technical study which did not reflect their best performing ability. One solution was the option to buy video recordings from the National Resource Centre for Dance at the University of Surrey. However, this raised a further problem: any performance is inevitably an interpretation of the notation, not the definitive answer. The Resource Centre attempted to minimise this by offering a male and a female interpretation of each piece, but the essential problem remained. Students therefore copied the interpretation when perhaps they could have offered an equally valid, or possibly even better, interpretation from the score itself. The power of the dance as notated and to be interpreted was subsumed into copied technical performance. The specific notation component was also examined practically: students were tested in groups of six, each candidate having a different dance score. They were given sixteen bars of their chosen notation (either Benesh or Labanotation) to decode and perform. The bars were repeated in performance, to create a thirty-two-bar sequence. Thirty minutes were given in which the notation not only had to be understood but also memorised, then fitted to music and a creditable performance rendered which was itself graded. Candidates had to cope with distraction as well as having to race against the clock: the music was played periodically during the thirty minutes, which was potentially distracting if, at that moment, the individual was not ready to put the steps to music but was perhaps decoding a specific section. The memorisation aspect also meant that whilst a candidate might be able to read the notation and perform it with score in hand, marks would be lost if they could not perform it accurately without the score. If notation is a tool of dance, a way of recording movement, then memorisation and performance can hardly be a fair test of the ability to read it. One could read a poem for a test, but just because those lines were not remembered accurately would not be a reason to assume the person could not read. This memorisation aspect shifted the emphasis from reading the notation to one of demonstrating that understanding by way of perfected performance. The task was not a straightforward test of notation literacy but rather one of memorisation demonstrated through bodily skill. The power of dance was once again articulated through the performing body. Nevertheless, successive examiners reports throughout this period indicated the increasing familiarity of students with notated scores, and hence an increasing ability to cope with them. For example, in 2008, the report noted: As stated in previous years, some candidates are to be congratulated on their achievements. It was pleasing to see a number of candidates dance the whole 32-bar score and gain high marks in this component of the Unit 5 examination. This continues to be a positive progression over the past couple of years, indicating an increasing confidence in preparing reconstruction skills (AQA, 2008, p. 4). Yet the restructured 2009 A level removed the examined notation component completely. AQA suggested a summary of benefits of the new syllabus, which included encouraging critical engagement with dance as an art form, providing a suitable foundation for pursuing dance in higher education, providing experience of choreography and performance, and, finally, encouraging a hea lthy lifestyle (AQA, 2008). However, according to the National Dance Teachers Association (NTDA), the notation component was dropped because AQA was concerned about the ability of teachers to deal with this aspect of the course. Too few teachers were able to teach notation to a high enough standard and examiners had seen too many crying candidates attempting the notation part of unit five. It seems that we as teachers have failed to meet the standards required to deliver this part of the course successfully (NDTA, 2008, p. 13). Those teachers trained to use the system acknowledged the difficulties it posed, but nevertheless the outcome can only be seen as a retrograde step. Rather than calling for an improvement in teaching standards, this significant aspect of dance scholarship was dropped. The gaze of the literate hierarchy was rejected, not interiorised. So whilst schoolchildren may routinely be expected to understand that music has its own form of language that is, music notation there is no such expectation for dance; dance in schools is taught as if it were an illiterate art form that is, as if its notation does not exist. An unfortunate effect of this is, as Redfern (2007) points out, that a lack of interest in dance scores is perhaps what makes for, or at least reinforces, the tendency to concentrate on performance rather than the work; and this absence of a tradition of studying a dance script in the way that it is imperative for musicians or actors to study their scores or texts means that relatively little has been expected or demanded of the dancer in respect of interpretational ability (Redfern, 2007, p. 197). Notation is thus important for the development of dance studies. It allows dance works to be recorded and studied other than during the performance itself, giving dance a language equivalent to music. It can also enhance learning. But reading and interpreting through notated scores (however unskilled) is no longer a possibility at school level, and whilst writing scores was expected only at a very basic level, this too has gone. In addition, complex and analytical notation gives academic weight to a subject so often seen as unsuitable for serious study. It is also assessable in a way in which the more ephemeral aspects of the subject are not. The absence of notation at A level cannot help but reinforce

Could America not have fought the British :: essays research papers

Could America have gradually and peacefully developed independence within the British Common wealth, as Canada later did, rather than engaging in a violent revolt? Soon after England’s victory in the Seven Years’ War, England struggled with the financial costs of the war. England’s Parliament tried to establish power in the New World by issuing a series of laws. England attempted to have the colonies help pay for the cost of the war that would later help lead to revolt in America. Prior to the Seven Years’ War, the English rarely intervened with colonial business. It was during this time that the colonies began gradually to think and act independently of England. This scared England, and initiated a period in which they became more involved in the colony's growth. The passage of these laws undermined the Colonist's loyalty to England and stirred the Americans to fight for their freedom. What began as a fight over economic policies soon deteriorated into t he difference in Americans and Britons political views, which help lead to the violence of the American Revolution (The American Pageant, pg 122). I believe a violent revolt could have been prevented only if England hadn’t pushed the Colonies past the point of non-violent resolutions. Before 1763, the only British laws that truly affected the colonists were the Navigation Acts, which monitored the colony's trade so that it traded solely with England. As this law was not rigidly enforced, the colonists accepted it with little fuss. The colonies also accepted England's right to monitor trade. The change of course in 1763 was what really riled the colonists. England began to slowly tighten its imperial grip on the colonies by ordering the British navy to begin strictly enforcing the Navigation Laws (The American Pageant, pg 125). Additional problems began when. This was a powerful weapon against smuggling, but most importantly to the Colonists; it allowed the invasion of their privacy. This was crossing the line and violating the rights of an English man. During the Seven Years War, the British sent over ten thousand troops to America to deal with property problems at the frontier. This cost a large amount of money, and Britain did not want to see the sum come out of its own pocket. To pay for some of the expense, Britain began to pass acts to tax the colonists and lighten the severe debt the empire was in.

Islamic Philosophy Essay

* Ibn Sina – â€Å"Philosophy is the exercise of intellect, enabling man to know Being as it is in itself. It is incumbent upon man to do this by the exercise of his intellect, so that he may ennoble his soul and make it perfect, and may become a rational scientist, and get the capacity of eternal bliss in hereafter. † * It is not necessarily concerned with religious issues. They have the following: HADITH(the traditional sayings of the Prophet) SUNNA(the practices of their community). FIQH(Islamic law, which discusses particular problems concerning how Muslims ought to behave) * It is not exclusively produced by Muslims. * Philosophy helps the Muslim to understand the truth using different techniques from those directly provided through Islam * It is the continuous search for Hikma(Wisdom) Nature and Origin * Philosophy in its fullest sense began in the third century of hijra(The hijra was in 622 ad; it is the first year according to the Muslim calendar) * The main sources of early Islamic philosophy are the religion of Islam and Greek philosophy. Greek philosophy because most their works on philosophy like logic, medicine mathematics and so forth were translated into Arabic. During the middle ages, both Muslims and Christian philosophers relied upon the Greek Philosophy, their main resources are the works of Aristotle and Plato along with few others. Hikma and Falsafa * Hikma (wisdom) -Philosophy as hikma has the advantage of referring to a wide range of conceptual issues within Islam. * Falsafa-an Arabic expression designed to represent the Greek philosophia. Islamic Philosophy of Education. Islamic education is an essential need derived from Islam as a religion or way of life, as Allah wanted. Thus Islam sources are the same for Islamic education. The Quran is the main source of Islam, which contains every principles of Islamic thought. Islamic education also is uniquely different from other types of educational theory and practice largely because of the all-encompassing influence of the Quran. The Quran serves as a comprehensive blueprint for both the individual and society and as the primary source of knowledge. Some examples of the proof that the importance of education is repeatedly emphasized in the Quran: Al-Quran * â€Å" †¦ Say: â€Å"are those equal, those who know and those who do not know? It is those who are endued with understanding that receive admonition† (Az-Zumar : 9) Sunnah * â€Å"Who so walks in path seeking for knowledge therein, God will thereby make easy to him the path of paradise† (Abu Hurairah and Muslim) The aims of Islamic Education * Imam Al-Ghazali * Education should make a child aware of the laws though the study of Qu’ran and Hadith. * Education should make the child firm in religious beliefs otherwise he will be led astray. * Ibn Khaldun * Knowledge of God and faith in Islamic laws will make Muslims know the reality which in turn will lead to good and possession of good character. * Ibn Sina * Education as the overall growth of the individual: physical, mental, and moral; followed by the preparation of this by individual to live in a society through a chosen chose trade according to his aptitudes. * According to Contemporary Perspectives * To provide the teachings of Holy Quran as the first step of education. * To provide experiences which are based on fundamentals of Islam as embodied in Holy Quran and Sunnah which cannot be changed * To develop such qualities of a good man which are universally accepted by the societies which have faith in religion * To bring man nearer to an understanding of God and of the relation in which man stands to his creator * To produce man who has faith as well as knowledge in spiritual development These aims and objectives of Islamic education distinguish clearly from the modern system of education which is based on Western philosophy of life. This approach of Islamic education was endorsed in the First World Conference on Muslim Education held at Mecca in 1977 in the following words: â€Å"Education should aim at the balanced growth of the total personality of man through the training of Man’s spirit, intellect, his rational self, feelings and bodily senses. Education should cater therefore for the growth of man in all aspects: spiritual, intellectual, imaginative, physical, scientific, linguistic, both individually and collectively and motivate all aspects towards goodness and the attainment of perfection. The ultimate aim of Muslim education lies in the realization of complete submission to Allah on the level of the individual, the community and humanity at large. † Mohamad Johdi (2009) synchronizes that Islamic education aims at the balanced growth of the total balanced-personality of human, acronym JERISAH – Jasmani- physical Emosi- emotional Rohani- spiritual Intelek- intellectual Sosialisasi- social Alam- environment Hamba Allah- humbleness towards Allah.

A Unique Business Plan

[pic] Based on a Study of Business Environment & Entrepreneurship Development History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan Based on a Study of Business Environment & Entrepreneurship Development Prepared for- Mr. Shuvabrata Saha, Lecturer, Department of Accounting & Information systems, Comilla University. Prepared by- Group name-â€Å" Rising† 4th Year, 1st semester, Department of Accounting & Information Systems , Comilla University. comilla Submission date- July 04, 2011. [pic] Comilla UniversitySalmanpur, Kotbari Comilla April 30, Mr. Shuvabrata Saha, Lecturer, Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Comilla University. Subject: Submission of Term paper on â€Å"History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan†. Dear Sir, With due respect, we are submitting this Term paper on the topic of â€Å"History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan†, under the requirement of the course â€Å"Business Envi ronment And Entrepreneurship Development’’, as you have asked us to prepare it on last March 30.We all are thankful to you for your concrete knowledge about the subject matter that helped us to lead the Term paper to its successful competition. We have prepared this according to class lecture, through group discussion and through the help of secondary sources-Internet. And we hope that this Term paper will help us in accomplishing future entrepreneurial matters and as well as to establish a successful business. If you face any disorder or mistakes in interpreting this Term paper than please inform us, so that we can correct our mistakes as early as possible.Sincerely Yours, Tahmina Mannan On behalf of the group-â€Å" Rising†, Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Comilla University. [pic] The preparation of a Term paper and its accomplishment successfully is quiet impossible except someone who can sincerely and constructively assists us to make a Term paper in a benefiting manner. And thus we would like to specially extend thanks to our honorable course teacher, â€Å"Mr. Shuvabrata Saha†, for his guidelines, valuable insights and suggestions regarding the preparation of the Term paper to its completion.It is a great pleasure in submitting the Term paper which is the outcome of our preparing program of a Case Study on â€Å"History of Entrepreneurship Development & A Unique Business Plan†, under the course â€Å"Business Environment And Entrepreneurship Development’’ We are truly gratified and grateful to our honorable Sir, who are for the first time encourages us to make a Multimedia PowerPoint Presentation on this Term paper and made a confidence on us to do such courageous tasks successfully.We hope in future we will get his assistance to make such kind of study and we also hope we will get his solitude indications and valuable advice in future as always. At last we shall be grateful to those pers on who read this Term paper and who shall get benefit from this at present and in future. Tahmina Mannan, On behalf of The Group-â€Å" Rising†, Department of Accounting & Information Systems, Comilla University. [pic] The executive summary that results from this study are to add the following- †¢ History of Entrepreneurship Development in Japan, USA, UK, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh. A Unique Business Plan. Supporting these above topic the following findings and conclusions drawn from the study. Firstly, we have discussed here the history of entrepreneurship development in case of Japan, USA, UK, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. For the crucial and significance role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic development in the past that reached at today’s advanced entrepreneurship are here briefly examined. Secondly, we have discussed about a Unique Business Plan that are suggested us to be more unique, innovative, infeasible and profitable as well.Thus we have tr ied to present and share here shortly the idea, the concept of a unique business plan. We have also highlighted a group of steps for establishing a business and compared with our Business Plan. [pic] Term Paper Concludes: Page no: History of Entrepreneurship Development1 In Japan6 In USA In UK In India In Pakistan In Bangladesh A Unique Business Plan Recommendation28 Conclusion28 Bibliography29 History of Entrepreneurship DevelopmentEntrepreneurship development essentially requires a process of upward change whereby the real capital income of a country increases over a period of time . Entrepreneurship has an important role to play in the development of a country. It is one of the most important inputs in economic development. The number and competence of entrepreneurs affect the economic growth of the country. The economic history of the presently advanced countries like USA, UK, Japan, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh supports the fact that economic development is the outcome for w hich entrepreneurship is an inevitable cause.The crucial and significant role played by the entrepreneurs in the economic development of advanced countries has made the people of developing and under developed countries conscious of the importance of entrepreneurship for economic development. It is now a widely accepted fact that active and enthusiastic entrepreneurs can only explore the potentials of the countries availability of resources such as labor, capital and technology. The history and role of entrepreneurship is not identical in the various economies.Depending on the material resources, industry climate and responsiveness of the political system, it varies from economy to economy. The contribution of entrepreneurs may be more in favorable opportunity conditions than in economies with relatively less favorable opportunity conditions. The entrepreneurship development of each of these country mainly includes the following in considerations: 1) Employment Generation 2) Nationa l Income 3) Balanced Regional Development 4) Dispersal of economic power ) Better standards of living 6) Creating innovation The characteristics and the history of entrepreneurship development of USA, UK, Japan, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh are discussed here in a brief manner. In USA History and current issue on entrepreneurship in the USA economy was dull in 1980’s . However, they achieved a drastic recovery to return to the highest position in the international economy after 1990’s. We search the roots and history of entrepreneurship in the USA to discuss about the role of it in the USA economy.There is no doubt that entrepreneurship is a corollary of American business. The world's most famous entrepreneurs have been American: Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, Edward H. Harriman, J. P. Morgan, and Pierre du Pont, to name a few. Their very names are synonymous with entrepreneurship. The stories of their success make the concept of entrepreneurship ta ngible. The American economy provides the largest and richest study of how entrepreneurs have advanced technologies, organizations, and social patterns-in short, the full spectrum of human opportunities.Globalization is one aspect of widespread and robust entrepreneurship. To be sure, business practices spawned and developed here are being used all over the world with some variations. The emergence and role of the innovative entrepreneur in the United States from the colonial period to modern times provides a probing exploration of our unique past. The first American colonists were the earliest entrepreneurs in this country. Bearing a positive outlook and pursuing dreams of success, they were the model for generations of entrepreneurs to follow.Yet, unlike their predecessors who found fortune in Europe and other regions of the world, these â€Å"Founding Entrepreneurs had to create a viable operation out of local resources, which had yet to yield anywhere near a competitive return, † says Gunderson in An Entrepreneurial History of the United States. These first capitalists played a critical role in the development of the United States into a global economic power and a country that has, on the whole, created an exemplary standard of living for its citizens.As Gunderson notes, these early entrepreneurs were successful in â€Å"redeploying resources creating exports that were competitive in international trade, and devising organizations that encouraged participants to harness their personal interests toward those of the colony. †Ã‚   An Entrepreneurial History of the United States, first published in 1989, chronicles the story of the nation’s economic beginning, and makes the story compelling by including profiles of famed business figures and companies.The stories of such entrepreneurs as Robert Fulton, John Jacob Astor, Andrew Carnegie, Thomas Edison, and Henry Ford and such companies as AT, DuPont, and Sears Roebuck are told. The history of entrepreneurship falls into phases tied to ever-changing business conditions and social circumstances. In some cases, entrepreneurship helped to usher in new phases; in other cases, it seized on opportunities for new products or services. The interplay between entrepreneurs and colonial society is thus a recurrent theme.The personal attributes shared by entrepreneurs, such as a special knowledge or ability in some field, a drive to apply this knowledge or ability to a business market in a novel way, and a combination of practicality and vision in applying the new idea. However, despite their creativity and drive, few entrepreneurs were overnight successes. Their accomplishments were earned after a long, persistent period of trial and error. The successful entrepreneur was not an especially ingenious individual who took a big risk and saw it pay off. A major misconception is that entrepreneurs assume particularly large risks,† says Gunderson. Rather, â€Å"a development usu ally unfolds as continuing, small problems, where mismanagement of an individual opportunity often can be corrected and then recouped by persistence. † Entrepreneurs are convinced they are on to something even in the face of obstacles and mismanagement in the early stages of their venture. Gunderson notes that, â€Å"As an entrepreneurial venture grows, its members learn about the niche that the product serves.Frequently the firm becomes recognized as the best source of such expertise in the world. †Ã‚   While natural resources, an abundant labor supply, available capital and the Protestant ethic of hard work and thrift all contributed to America's phenomenal economic development, Professor Gunderson, in his remarkably lucid, nontechnical, popular history, accords even greater credit to the motivation and initiative of individual and group entrepreneurs who possessed an ability to change and develop new technologies without which, an economy or society stagnates.Moreove r, he persuasively challenges the view that modern growth did not begin until the Industrial Revolution, citing the entrepreneurial activities of the colonists . He follows the evolution of entrepreneurs from such early 19th century inventors as Fulton, Morse and Cyrus McCormick to the great late 19th and 20th century tycoon-innovators who contributed to the unparalled growth of the country. But many of these entrepreneur-founders, failed to fill the new leadership demands of complex, publicly held mega-corporations, especially in the new service and electronic industries.According to Gunderson, the growth of the U. S. economy since colonial times is due more to entrepreneurial initiative than to the more widely recognized theory of the Protestant work ethic. He retells the economic history of the United States by noting the contributions of many individual entrepreneurs who have, in his opinion, made a difference. This point of view invites comparison with George Gilder's The Spiri t of Enterprise (which ultimately is the more important work.However, Gunderson does contribute an adequate survey of American business history to add to collections on the subject of entrepreneurship. In UK Entrepreneurship has emerged within the past 30 years as a distinctive discipline within the field of Business and Management. Research has shifted from an individual-centric approach which has sought to understand entrepreneurship by focusing on those individuals who exhibit entrepreneurial behaviours towards an environment-centric approach which seeks to locate and understand the situations in which entrepreneurs are found.Neither approach has offered a coherent approach to understanding entrepreneurship. More recently, a consensus has emerged that at the core of entrepreneurship, as a field of study, is the identification and exploitation of opportunities. Shane and Venkataraman define entrepreneurship as â€Å"an activity that involves the discovery, evaluation and exploita tion of opportunities to introduce new goods and services, ways of organising, markets, processes, and raw materials, through organising efforts that previously had not existed†.They go on to scope out the field of entrepreneurship as comprising the following: when and how entrepreneurial opportunities exist; the sources of those opportunities and the forms that they take; the processes of opportunity discovery and evaluation; the acquisition of resources to the exploitation of these opportunities; the act of opportunity exploitation; why, when and how some individuals and not others discover evaluate, gather resources to and exploit opportunities; the strategies used to pursue opportunities; and the organising efforts to exploit them.In view of the economic impact of entrepreneurship, in terms of employment and innovation, and its political significance, there is also a strong applied strand of research which examines policies to promote entrepreneurship and the evaluation of related interventions. However, a major critique of entrepreneurship research is its failure to recognise the significance of time and context and to present its conclusions at least implicitly as being timeless and context free: the so-called rush to simplification and generalization.A key aspiration for this special issue is that it should demonstrate that ‘time matters’. Historical context and the operation of entrepreneurial processes include continuity and change in entrepreneurial processes; the emergence and growth of specific industry sectors; the origins, growth and demise of entrepreneurial places; changing organisational forms; and the economic impact of entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship has been rediscovered by economists, scholars in managerial sciences, and business historians. Typically, great entrepreneurs led the huge restructuring process of the nineties.But perhaps the most important reason for the awakened interest in the subject has been the abili ty of successful entrepreneurs to ride the great wave of innovation that has taken place in industries such as electronics and information-communication technologies. Their efforts have brought the world into the era of globalization. Entrepreneurship is so critical to the wealth and competitiveness of a nation that all advanced countries have attempted to codify it both for instructional purposes and as an aid in formulating industrial policies. But notwithstanding its acknowledged importance in the economic process, ntrepreneurship is an elusive phenomenon. Entrepreneurship appears in different sizes—from large corporations to small retail shops—and it assumes various forms. It can be the motivation for a scientist to assign economic values to his or her lab activity, or it can be the guiding force for a well-educated manager of a large corporation who utilizes techniques learned in business school. It can also be what pushes the instinctive type who is able to antic ipate demand and build an economic empire. Entrepreneurship can occur over the course of an extended, day-by-day process or it can take place in a dramatic leap.Certainly a good litmus test for detecting the presence of entrepreneurship is whether the person has the capacity to create something new. Then again, innovation does not explain everything. Not everyone we identify as an entrepreneur is an exceptional innovator. There are more hard questions rather than definitive answers in the attempt to grapple with the definition of entrepreneurship. Some of the relevant questions would be these: What are entrepreneurs engaged in besides simple innovation? Who are they? Are they individuals who risk their own money? What relationship do entrepreneurs have with the organizations they create?Are entrepreneurs indispensable to economic growth? Is it possible to separate entrepreneurship from its historical, economic, and social environment? Finally, is entrepreneurship independent of time and space? Also in the first section, and writing from the perspective of a mainstream economist, George Bitros explores the interrelationship between entrepreneurship and economies of scale and scope. Bitros observes how the development of multiproduct technologies characterized by economies of scale and scope has led to losses in market coordination due to increases in market imperfections.James Foreman-Peck eloquently demonstrates how theory and evidence have been quantitatively linked in the historical study of entrepreneurship, thereby allowing judgments to be made about entrepreneurship’s causes and effects with increasing precision. Richard Coopey investigates the intricate and complex relationship between investment and entrepreneurship, concentrating on the history of venture capital in postwar Britain and the United States. In Japan Entrepreneurial activities of a region reflect its business climate and habitat for innovation.This is particularly evident in Japan a s entrepreneurial activity in these areas especially faces a different culture and business environment. Japanese entrepreneurs were more society-oriented and concerned more about personal and globalization risks and less about market and financial risks. Japanese firms seemed to have better access to diverse financing resources including bank loans and government financing. Analysis and evaluation on entrepreneurship it is important to analyze and evaluate the past cases of setting up businesses for aiming a success of our own cases.After the collapse of the bubble economy in 1980’s, many policies and schemes have been formulated and carried out in Japan. Encouraging entrepreneurs is one of the most hopeful policies and has become the focus of recent attention. The policy aims to encourage setting up a business by each individual entrepreneur, also to reform organization in some enterprises suffering from so-called â€Å"large company sickness,† to activate venture an d to contribute strategic management of technology as a national policy.Learning from the arguments on â€Å"the lost 10 years in Japan† tells about the harder competition in the international business circumstances. After the collapse of the bubble economy in 1980’s, many policies and schemes have been formulated and carried out to encourage the weakened international competence of Japan and to recover from the economical recession. The Japanese semiconductor industry is one of the good examples that we can learn from the arguments on the bad manners and strategies in that period.History and current issue on entrepreneurship in the Japan while the US economy was dull in 1980’s when Japan was most brilliant with the bubble economy. Particularly, the current status on venture projects inside enterprises and spin-out ventures is discussed to think about the circumstances, manners, and processes on entrepreneurship in Japan. Unfortunately many technical seeds in Ja pan can hardly produce a business success. This fact is pointed out as one of the reasons why Japanese economy has been so stagnated.The problem is also considered as a common issue on technology management for many other countries, as so-called â€Å"the valley of death. † The study of the evolution and emergence of Japan's history of entrepreneurship development leading the industrial firms during the twentieth century. First, it provides a historical study of how the industrial institutions of modern Japan appeared and matured. Second, it looks at the basic forms of social and economic interaction in Japan. Third, it is a development study of how circumstances of rapid technical and economic change have shaped the Japanese business system.Finally, it is also a strategy study of how Japanese managers have responded to and shaped these circumstances. This fourfold synthesis offers a model of institutional development under conditions of late economic development and private initiative that falls somewhere between a capitalist development state and a free market economy. The popular opinion of entrepreneurship in Japan is that it is hard, getting funding and finding venture capital seems to be have been hard in the past and incubators seem rare.When discussing the history it is generally put into three categories; political, cultural and the Japanese perception on entrepreneurship. Japan has had enormous success in the past taking western concepts to adapt and improve them. If anything, the future of the Japanese entrepreneurial venture is bright. There is a lot of talent in the Japanese people for creating new things, innovating and solving real problems. But the biggest problem is that the view of entrepreneurship is so different there from the U. S. This does however create a bright future for a westerner looking to start something new in Japan.A foreigner looking to innovate and give the Japanese economy a boost can be welcomed with open arms. Final ly we can say that Entrepreneurship helps in increasing productivity and capital formation of a nation. In short, the development of the entrepreneurship is inevitable in the economic development of the country. The Role played by the entrepreneurship development can be expressed in the following words: † Economic development is the effect for which entrepreneurship is a cause† In BangladeshThe entrepreneurial history of Bangladesh dates back to the ancient era. In the ancient age, Bengal was rich in different small and cottage industries as well as trade and commerce. The basic industries were fine cotton fabric known as muslin, sugar, salt etc. These were exportable commodities for which there was a great demand in the Far East and Europe. With the establishment of Muslim rule in India, the communication system between different regions of India with Bengal developed During Pre-Mughal Muslim rule, an entrepreneur class grew in Bengal, especially in and around dhaka.The y had lofty craftsmanship in handicraft, textile weaving, milk products, jewelry etc. Dhaka attained greater commercial importance and became a major trading and entrepreneurial centre for the whole of Southeast Asia. The Europeans, particularly the Portuguese, Dutch, English and French as well as other traders began to come in larger numbers. The jamdani saris woven in flowered or plain designs with border and ground in threads of gold, silver or silk became popular and were sent to Hejaj, Morocco, Tunisia, Delhi etc.After that the British government had imposed high taxes on the incomes of local entrepreneurs. The Muslim majority of Bengal inclined to disassociate themselves from the British because of the perception that the British had snatched power from the Muslims. The British also disliked Muslims and tried to deprive them of all economic and political opportunities. All these factors deterred the growth of entrepreneurship in Bengal during British rule. During the later hal f of the nineteenth century, Bengali capital was mostly diverted to land and non-commercial occupations.At the same time, development of transportation, primarily the expansion of railway and shipping as well as expansion of a money economy caused a rise in the price of land, making landed investments more attractive. Bengali entrepreneurs were to raise the start-up capital from the existing capital market or to borrow from the informal credit market. Attitudinal problems such as an anti entrepreneurial bias played a not too inconsequential role in the development of Bengali entrepreneurship. These biases were reflected in the derogatory attitude towards the indigenous trading communities like theSahas of Bengal or the Muslim traders of chittagong. An anti-entrepreneurial bias was dominant amongst the attitudes of political leaders and the civil bureaucracy of Bengal. After the Partition of Bengal in 1947, the eastern part of Pakistan did not inherit an experienced entrepreneurial c lass for historical reasons. Neither did this part receive adequate attention from the government of Pakistan in terms of economic incentives to induce entrepreneurial activities. The government support and facilities went more to the western part and the net result was a constrained growth of entrepreneurship in East Pakistan.The East Pakistan Industrial Development Corporation (EPIDC), however, had set up some enterprises, especially a number of jute mills, and gradually handed over their ownership to the local associates. This had indirectly helped the growth of an entrepreneur class in Bangladesh. The country inherited a shattered economy after the war of liberation of 1971. Mills and factories were closed down, agricultural production was interrupted and infrastructural facilities like roads, bridges, railways, power transmission lines, telephone network, gas pipe lines etc. ere broken down. Because of the political commitment and also because of the exodus of non-Bengali owner s of mills, factories and banks the government had nationalized all such establishments immediately after liberation. Within a few years after independence, the government policy was changed and the role of private sector given due importance. The disinvestment and denationalization policies have facilitated the ownership of large, medium and small industrial and commercial enterprises by Bengali entrepreneurs.The government, however, brought changes in trade and industrial policies alongside the monetary and exchange rate policies. Import controls were considerably relaxed to reduce the level of protection, thus encouraging efficiency in resource allocation and promotion of competitive abilities of domestic industries. The bangladesh shilpa rin sangstha (bsrs), bangladesh shilpa bank (BSB) and investment corporation of bangladesh (ICB) acted as prime movers for industrial development in Bangladesh.BSCIC industrial estates and export processing zone (EPZ) authorities have provided a large number of entrepreneurs with infrastructural facilities including land for industrial location, water, power, sewerage, gas, telephone, extension and counseling services and store and warehousing facilities. In Bangladesh quite a number of entrepreneurial ventures have been the creation of corporate spin-offs. They embarked upon new ventures with the experience and skill that they gathered while serving an enterprise. In Bangladesh the garment industry has been the creation of spin-offs.Similarly, many chemical engineers starting their career in the Chemical Industries Corporation ultimately left their jobs and started new chemical/ pharmaceuticals enterprises. A special group of entrepreneurs, creators of the corporate new ventures, identified technically as intrapreneurs, create new products and processes within large organisations. They do not start a new enterprise or industry but create new products with their innovative and inventive ideas. Their corporate entrepreneurs hip opens up new horizons of opportunities for the corporate structure where they serve.The establishment of many new chemical plants/product lines under Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation is an example of corporate entrepreneurship. The dholaikhal in Bangladesh is an example of emulating entrepreneurship that matches the experience of countries like Japan, Hong Kong and Taiwan in the growth of entrepreneurship during the early years of economic development through the emulative dexterity of their people. Gradually, the emulative capability of local entrepreneurs helped indigenous technology to flourish, and this, under active government patronage, facilitated the growth of entrepreneurship.Apart from a few multinational companies like Bata Shoe Company and Bangladesh Tobacco Company Limited, public sector enterprises have not developed a positive attitude towards this system. An import-biased policy and fiscal anomaly also impede its proper development. bangladesh bank in a ssociation with commercial banks and the Bangladesh Institute of Management launched an Entrepreneurial Development Programme for educated unemployed youths. Similarly, BSCIC, in association with USAID initiated a Women Entrepreneurship Development Programme.However, it is not clearly known how many new entrepreneurs have been created as a result of the training and education. In Pakistan The history of National entrepreneurship and its development in Pakistan, we shall find that almost every company we know today began as an SME. Europe, United States, China and our neighbour India started developing Microsoft industries with small man power in a rented house or in a small industrial unit. It is believed that Small and Medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) as key actors in national development and employment creation.World trade and manufacturing is now shifting to east. Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are a very assorted group of businesses usually operating in the service, tr ade, agri-business, and manufacturing sectors. The contribution of uplifting National Economy and improving National prosperity the role of Small and medium industries is imperative. In Pakistan small business and cottage industries hold an important position in rural areas. In 2005 infrastructure in remote areas had improved considerably.Most villages are self sufficient in the basic necessities of life. They have their own carpenters, blacksmiths, potters, craftsmen and cotton weavers. Many families depend on cottage industries for income. Due to the tremendous effort of SMEDA (Small and medium enterprises Development authority) the concept of small industries have also gained immense importance in cities and towns. Government should encourage cottage and small-scale industries Government support to this workable Organization with its proven success record both in rural set up, cities and towns is crucial.SME BASELINE SURREY-2009is a tremendous effort done by the team of policy an d planning division of Smeda under the dynamic leadership of its chief Shahid Rashid. This survey conducted by Gallup Pakistan with the financial assistance of Asian Development Bank is inclusive report and guide line for SMEs policy makers. All the chapters of this survey reports grab the attention of business community as its deals with almost all related aspects that bound with promotion of entrepreneurial culture.Pakistan Government should place the development of SMEs on a high priority area and this should be reflected in its National development agendas. With the consultation of highly skilled staff of SMEDA the policy makers should prepare the key strategies for SME development in coming years. Like Pakistan Government may constitute National SME Development Council. The consistent progress and devote work of SMEDA during the last 12 years reveals that SMEDA is a right organization to be trusted. Ministry of industries and production should give maximum incentive to this via ble institution.The dream of having an organization to support facilitators emerged as people working with participatory group facilitation methods were sharing approaches that worked in their practices. People, who can build consensus, maximize participation and move toward action are in high demand in today's world. The idea of SOFT emerged from the last 10 years efforts being made at the plat form of National IPM Program implemented in different phases all over Pakistan. To maintain and further this pace, formations of a society to use the national resources in a productive way become indispensable.The Society of Facilitators and Trainers (SOFT) are formed by a group of professionals desiring an avenue for interchange, professional development, trend analysis and peer networking. A formal association was proposed and adopted at the 2nd National IPM Facilitators congress in Islamabad, November, 2004 and finally a Society of Facilitators & Trainers has been registered under the Soc iety Registration Act 1860 on 23rd July, 2009 in Islamabad. Since then, the SOFT has grown to over hundreds of members from all over Pakistan.Society remains committed improving livelihood & social development through Skills enhancement by creating a network of local organizations for improved productivities, healthy environment, value addition and entrepreneurship development of rural communities’ especially poor farmer’s organizations and regional networks. Propelling Women's Entrepreneurship in Pakistan Supporting Pakistani Women Entrepreneurs in Expanding and Strengthening their Businesses by Connecting them with Successful Professional Women Mentors.A select group of women will be chosen to be mentors in the first collaborative program between the U. S. Department of State’s Office of Global Women’s Issues, Goldman Sach’s 10,000 Women Initiative, and the Thunderbird School of Global Management to expand women entrepreneurship in Pakistan. This opportunity will make a difference in the lives of female entrepreneurs by providing a network that fosters sustainable change and economic empowerment for women in Pakistan. In India History of entrepreneurship in India:Several entrepreneurial phases in India have passed since independence. A slow pace of development was reflected in the late 1950s and early 1960s, as the entire economy was changing from an agro based economy to an industrialized economy. Soon after that the upcoming entrepreneurs got support from the government as well. A number of SSI sprouted up in late 1960s and 1970s. Here an intensive movement was initialized for further promotion of entrepreneurship. Finally, in 1980 India was able to liberalize imports and began with small and medium scale entrepreneurs.Further, the economic reforms were introduced in 1990. It was a kind of disillusion for the budding Indian entrepreneurs and now in the 2000 the entrepreneurial scenario has undergone a vast change. Now Ind ia is taking part in global entrepreneurship. History of Entrepreneurship Evolution in India: Barter system & currency Caste System Agriculture Education Colonial rule Managing agents Trader community SSI Founder Entrepreneurs development Reforms in 1990’s Liberalization India Multinationals and Joint Ventures 50 years of Indian Entrepreneurship:Indians have always been entrepreneurial in nature, its just only recently that this word is being used so often. So it is no surprise that India celebrates 50 years of Indian Entrepreneurship. The arrival of independence, the early decade of 1950-60s marked a slow progress from an agrarian economy to an industrialised market. Industry was dominated by textile power looms in and around Bombay, Ahmedabad, Calcutta and Madras. The 1960s saw the rapid expansion in large scale government sponsored heavy industry being set up across the country.Undermining the role that an individual enterprise can play in a country's economic growth, the government went ahead building state owned enterprises dependent on centralised planning In the 1970s , there was an intensive campaign to promote entrepreneurship among the Indian business community. This was the first effort to promote entrepreneurship in a concentrated manner. It was inspired by the fund raising campaign that happened during the second Indo-Pak War in 1965-66. The late 1980s marked the new beginning for the small and medium entrepreneurs in India with the new government choosing to move towards a market oriented economy.The economic crisis of the early 1990s resulted in economic reforms and a deliberate move towards globalization and liberalization of the Indian Economy. Soon by the early 2000 , it was common to see young professionals preferring to become entrepreneurs and the least preferred career path was a stable government sector job. With the dawn of the new service oriented economy, young professionals will increasingly work in the private sector and late r choose to start a business of their own. A Unique Business Plan The day is not so far that one day all the sources of oil, gas, coal, petrol and fuel will be exhausted.Instead there remains the Nuclear power. But after the large happening of the earthquake and tsunami in Japan(11 March, 2011),for the inversion of Nuclear Power Plant, they are bound to decide to banned all of there Nuclear Power Plant as it largely increased the level of carbon dioxide in air. At the same time for the same reason Germany have also decided to banned their all Nuclear Power Plant within 2022. And then there will be no solution of the sources of power and electricity except only the Wind and Solar System.From when we have given to choose a unique business plan we are thinking what kind of business should we choose that are eco friendly, save our environment and that will be the permanent solution of any of our major scarcity problem. And that is the power, energy the electricity problem. In order to s ee a poverty free world, energy security for all must be ensured. As the conventional sources of energy are limited and can not meet the increasing need of the common people, wide dissemination of renewable energy technologies is the only way out.We think our Business plan a large scale program to provide Wind and Solar home systems that will play a leading role in the rural households in Bangladesh. We have designed, supplied and installed systems for a wide range of clients. We can design and supply a system to meet exact needs and our systems include all balance-of-system components. Remote power systems are ideal for providing energy to rural properties, alternative power systems and small community power supplies. If you live in an area where there is no electricity and connecting to the electricity grid is not an option, most likely it is far too expensive!The UK is unusual in that it experiences good wind conditions so wind power is certainly viable. Coupled with sunshine, a solar and wind solution provides a reliable, safe, environmentally friendly and user-friendly source of electricity for a very long time. A solar and wind power solution will need little maintenance simply because there are no moving parts. Component failure is very rare and come with superb guarantees, solar panels offer a 25 year warranty as standard. Best of all, you are generating your own electricity for free! [pic] [pic][pic][pic]With an off grid system you will need somewhere to store the generated electricity and this is usually stored in batteries. The battery bank provides electricity at night, and during periods of cloud cover. Systems can comprise of a stand-alone pv system and wind turbine, solar pv system. Stand-alone solar (only pv) systems require high availability and so systems are often oversized, to account for long summer short winter sunshine. Remote power systems are installed for a range of reasons, including: †¢ expensive grid connection; †¢ desire to use renewable energy; †¢ low running costs; environmentally safe no overhead wires; †¢ CO2 emission, reduces pollution and natural climatic changes. [pic] [pic] Dual Wind Turbine and Solar Close up of wind turbine and solar panel PV Off-Grid System Application: Remote water pumping [pic] Wind turbine and solar panels Bottom of Form Eco friendly energy efficient power supply Using Wind and Solar systems: We know that a business plan is a document that is used as a base for future actions of the business venture. And an essential steps in getting a new venture of the ground is the preparation of a business plan.To prepare a business plan we have to consider a number of steps in this manner. The related important steps of preparing our business plan are here briefly examined as follows- Commitment of Starting A Business: First of all a commitment are to be made to enter into a business. And we all are firmly determined, committed and decided to start a business by ourselv es. SWOT Analysis: Each business conducts a SWOT analysis by which it evaluates business’s overall strengths(S), weakness (W), opportunities (O), and threats (T). We have also made an SWOT analysis that generates from our study are highlighted as follows: Strengths: . Adequate natural resources (sunlight and wind), 2. Availability of manpower, 3. Lower labor cost, 4. Available raw materials, 5. Having theoretical knowledge of business, 6. Strong desire and enthusiasm for establishing business, 7. Transportation and communication facilities etc. Weakness: 1. Required a huge amount of capital, 2. Required a lot of research and analysis, 3. Lack of practical knowledge for implementation and establishment of a new business. Opportunities: 1. Greater employment opportunities, 2. Increasing overall economic development of the country, 3. Greater utilization of natural resources, 4.Advanced technologies, 5. Ease of Govt. rules, regulations and facilities, 6. Better opportunities of expanding any kind of businesses in Bangladesh. Threats: 1. The response towards the product or service may be lower than expectation, 2. Challenging competitors, 3. Any kind of risk taken. 4. High initial installation costs and 5. Limited government support compared to that of other countries. If we can not utilize our strength and opportunities properly it may take form into threat for our business. And if we can overcome the threats and weakness then it may convert into our strength that may create a lot of opportunities.Selection of Product or Services: After SWOT analysis we are determined to go to such kind of business which best fit with our Strengths, Weakness, Opportunities and Threats as well as with our desires. We have decided to choose a business idea which is environment friendly and permanent solution of any problem of our country. Keeping on this on our mind we found the current major electricity problem that are increasing day by day in our country. Thus we have cho sen a business idea of eco friendly energy efficient power supply by using our adequate and available sun light and wind through solar and wind system.By purchasing solar panels and wind turbines we will make installation and give power supply from both sun light and air simultaneously. Whenever sun light is available the solar panel will provide required electricity through saving power into the batteries. If sun light is not available then the wind turbine will serve power from air like the solar panel. That means there will be always alternative in absence of any one and 24 hour it will supply electricity which are of a tremendous demand now-a-days in our country as it is emerged under load shading largely.Thus it is the new use of old product that have not yet come in Bangladesh. And as we have adequate sunshine and air all over the year, that are everlasting have available manpower, also have lower labor cost, easy collection of inventories, greater transportation and communica tion facilities, helps to cut carbon emissions from buildings, and a strong desire to do something new for the welfare of our natural environment as well as the whole country. Our business plan is thus both product and service oriented. [pic] Independent Wind & Solar Hybrid Power Supply System Solutions for BuildingBusiness type: Manufacturer, retail sales, wholesale supplier, importer. Service types: consulting, system design, installation, construction, engineering, project development services, training services, research services, site survey and assessment services, maintenance and repair services, recycling services, testing service.. Product types: Building Eco-friendly Energy Efficient Wind & Solar Power Supply System Solutions for building configurations may include a mixture of possible electrical generating sources, including inverters and batteries. There are five main components of an off grid systems. Solar panels ; †¢ Wind turbine; †¢ Controller; †¢ Bat tery bank & †¢ Power Inverter; A customized system has a lot of options and we can offer a wide range of products to suit all requirements. These include: [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] [pic] Solar panels wind turbine controller Battery bank Power Inverter Expected profit, time, investment and Projected Income Statement: As significantly, with attracted major investment from finance institutions will help our business to make both life-enhancing and profitable through technology and sustainability.As it is a new business we can not expect a maximum profit on this. We will give at least two years to establish the business at first. So that we can retain the customer for a long time. When our business will start to make large sales volume and service available then we will expect to make profit from this business on about 20% on our turnover. Our business will be started with an investment of about 1crore tk. In this manner we have presented here a projected income statement . â€Å"Ri sing Partnership & Service Ltd† Projected Income Statement For The Year Ended Dec31, 2011 Particulars |Tk |Tk | |Sales revenue: | |3000000 | |Less: sales returns |200000 | | |Sales discount |50000 |250000 | | | | | |Net sales | | | |Cost of goods sold: | | | |Purchase | | | |Gross profit (A-B) | | | |Operating expense: | | | |Office and dministrative expense: | | | |Office expense | | | |Manager’s salary | | | |Rent expense | | | |Utilities expense | | | |Depreciation | | | |Transportation expense | | | |Insurance | | | |Supplies | | | |Repair expense | | | |Selling expense: | | | |Sales manager salaries | | | |Advertising expenses | | | | | | | |Total operating expenses | | | | | | | |Income from operation (C-D) | | | |Other revenues & gain: | | | |Interest revenue | | | |Other expense & cases : | | | |Interest xpense(5000000*10%) | | | |Net income | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |2000 | | | | | | | |10 0000 | | | | | | | |30000 | | | | | | | |18000 | | | | | | | |9000 | | | | | | | |50000 | | | |4500 | | | | | | |3000 | | | | | | | |7500 | | | | | | | | | | | |75000 | | | | | | | |100000 | | | | |2750000 | | | | | | | |1520000 | | | | | | | |1230000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |224000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |175000 | | | |399000 | | | | | | | | | | | |831000 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | 10000 | | | | | | | |500000 | | | | | | | | |490000 | | | | | | | |341000 | | | | | Merchandising Plan: For marketing our product we have prepared a merchandising plan.The marketing plan of our product depends on the demand of our customer towards our product and services. Basically our product and services will be given to the general customer. And our required materials and inventories will be collected from a number of reliable sources from Dhaka, Chittagong and from outside of the country as required. The wind & solar energy systems product companies where we will get all our required product available and sources from where we will mainly purchase are- 1. Bangladesh Wind And Solar Technologies. Address: Road # 04, Banani, Dhaka1213, Bangladesh 2. A B Power. Address: House 33, Road 18, Banani, Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh 3. Global Trade & Technology. Address: House 9/3, South Mugda, P.O-Bashabo, Dhaka 1214, Bangladesh 4. Xebec & Partners Limited. Address: H-71, New Airport Road, Mohakhali, Dhaka1212 Bangladesh 5. Goldenfair International Trading Company. Address: HOUSE-502, ROAD-34,New D. O. H. S. , Mohakhali, DHAKA-1206 Export Markets:   North America, South America, Eastern Europe, Southeast Asia, Africa, Oceania, Mid East, Eastern Asia, Western Europe etc. Estimated Expense-Variable and Fixed: The available capacity of solar panel varies from 20 wp to & 5 wp for Bangladesh. The cost of solar panel and wind turbine, installation cost and cost of other material s depends on how many wp are needed. They are varies at different prices.But the price ranges are generally between 12,650 tk to 45,000 tk. The cost of installing wind turbines also varies where they are sited. Compared to other renewable sources of energy, solar and wind power has a high capital outlay but the maintenance requirements and costs are extremely low. From our projected income statement the estimated expense in terms of fixed cost and variable cost of our business are- Fixed Cost Variable Cost Manager’s salary 100000 Office expense 2000 Sales manager salaries 75000 Utilities expense 18000Rent expense 30000 Advertising expenses 100000 Depreciation 9000 Transportation expense 50000 Insurance 4500 Supplies 3000 Interest expense 500000 Repair expense 7500 Total: 718500 180500 Total Cost: (718500+180500) =899000 Tk Determination of BEP: As our business is a completely new one, thus it is our expectation that first 2 and 3 year our business should be at Break-Even Poi nt (BEP).We will make our effort best so it must not go beyond the BEP. Consideration of Credit Sales: In our business plan we are considering sales on credit as it will encourage customer to purchase more that is helpful to spread our business all over the country in future. Our administrative decision will involve a recovery agency, we must make a provision for doubtful debts and will also include a number of terms and conditions. In this manner customer can pay on installment basis for which an installment policy required to be considered. Statement of Assets: The asset that are estimated in case of our business are presented below showing a statement of assets to be used- Statement of Assets Assets |Tk | |Current assets: | | |Cash |741000 | |Accounts receivable |100000 | |Fixed assets: | | |Building |3500000 | |Plant |4000000 | |Furniture |40000 | |Investment |200000 | |Total |